Date:  2025-11-14

Article ID:  40191

This article introduces topological Wilson operators, each localized on a 2-dimensional surface in spacetime. These operators can detect some of the 't Hooft operators described in article 93302, in the same sense that the topological 't Hooft operators described in article 82508 can detect some Wilson operators localized on a 1-dimensional manifold. Even though the construction works in discrete spacetime, the smooth-spacetime limit still plays an important role. This article explains its role.